|
Terrorism in China refers to the use or threatened use of violence to affect political or ideological change in the People's Republic of China. The definition of terrorism differs among scholars, between international and national bodies, and across time, and there is no legally binding definition internationally.〔Angus Martyn, (The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September ), Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002.〕〔Thalif Deen. (POLITICS: U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism ), Inter Press Service, 25 July 2005.〕 In the cultural setting of China, the term is relatively new and ambiguous.〔 Many media and scholarly accounts of terrorism in contemporary China focus on incidents of violence committed in Xinjiang, as well as on the Chinese government's counter-terrorism campaign in those regions.〔Chung Chien-peng. ("Confronting Terrorism and Other Evils in China: All Quiet on the Western Front? ). In ''China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly'', Volume 4 Issue 2, pp 75–87. Retrieved 2 January 2010.〕 There is no unified Uyghur ideology, but Pan-Turkism, Uyghur nationalism, and Islamism have all attracted segments of the Uyghur population.〔〔 Pan-Turkism manifested in the early 20th century, in opposition to Yang Zengxin's rule. Chinese promotion of atheism during the early years of the PRC reinforced the Islamic beliefs of the Uyghurs, which were further heightened when the political liberalization of the 1980s allowed Uyghurs to interact with Muslims in the Gulf region and Central Asia.〔 Recent incidents include the 1992 Urumqi bombings,〔 the 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings,〔 the 2010 Aksu bombing,〔David Barboza, (Blast Kills 7 in Restive Chinese Region ), ''The New York Times'', 19 August 2010.〕 the 2011 Hotan attack,〔 2011 Kashgar attacks〔 and the 2014 Ürümqi attack. Some scholars have also characterized political campaigns under Mao Zedong as a form of state terrorism.〔Gus Martin, "Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues," (Sage Publications: 2003), ISBN 978-0-7619-2616-0.〕〔Ogden, Suzanne. ("Inoculation against Terrorism in China" ) in William J. Crotty ed. ''Democratic development and political terrorism: the global perspective''. Northeaster, 2005.〕 The occurrence of violence as a form of political resistance in China has been attributed to government policies restricting the practice of religion and political expression, particularly in the Xinjiang region. Because expression of grievances against government policies are not permitted, "acts of violence have replaced peaceful demonstrations as the expression of the Uyghur malaise," according to Rémi Castets.〔("The Chinese regime and the Uyghur dilemma" ) Summary of 〕 The government of the People's Republic of China identifies terrorism as one of "Three Evils" which also include separatism and religious fundamentalism.〔 These forces are seen by Beijing as inter-connected threats to social stability and national security. In particular, terrorism is viewed as a violent manifestation of ethnic separatism, and separatism is understood as a corollary of religious zealotry.〔 The government has embarked on strike-hard campaigns to suppress these tendencies, particularly in Xinjiang and Tibetan regions.〔 Since the 11 September attacks in 2001, the PRC government has strengthened its involvement in multilateral and bilateral 'counter-terrorism' efforts. As a result of these efforts, some Uyghur separatist movements have been labelled as terrorist groups by the United Nations and U.S. Department of State. There have been allegations that the Chinese government has been applying charges of terrorism in an inconsistent and sometimes politically motivated manner.〔 Amnesty International has condemned China's embrace of the American "Global War on Terror", and has voiced concerns that the government may be using the label to justify human rights abuses against political and religious dissidents.〔 ==Chinese cultural context== The concept of terrorism, as it evolved and is understood in the West, did not exist in imperial China. In that setting, political criminality took the form as violence against the emperor, and was viewed as harmful as it induced fear and led to "chaos."〔 With the exception of "good" political violence against rulers whose lack of propriety and virtue resulted in loss of the mandate of heaven, violence was seen as contrary to human nature and the Tao.〔Kam V. Wong, "Police Practices in Global Perspective," John Eterno ed., (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011).〕 Kam Wong argues that the dynamics of imperial China form the basis for contemporary Chinese understandings of terrorism.〔 Fear of chaos and social disorder is a powerful factor in mobilizing political will to combat potential threats.〔〔 In the modern context, any group or force with the potential to challenge the existing social order or the political security of the rulers may be considered a form of terrorism, "to be condemned unrelentingly and suppressed at all costs," according to Wong.〔 There is currently no clearly established definition for terrorism either nationally or internationally,〔 though the National People's Congress is in the process of drafting legislation that would clarify the use of the term in Chinese law. The draft legislation, as reported by Xinhua News Agency, classified as terrorism acts that "cause or aim to cause severe harm to society by causing casualties, bringing about major economic losses, damaging public facilities or disturbing social order."〔 Human rights groups charge that the term is sometimes applied to non-violent dissidents in China.〔Amnesty International, ("People’s Republic Of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution As China Wages Its ‘War On Terror’" ), 7 July 2004.〕〔Congressional-Executive Commission on China, (2005 Annual Report, Freedom of Religion ), 2005. Quote: “Sichuan authorities sometimes impute terrorist motives to Tibetan monks who travel to India without permission.” () "Religious repression in Xinjiang is severe, driven by Party policies that equate peaceful Uighur religious practices with terrorism and religious extremism."〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Terrorism in China」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|